![]() ![]() For example, a system might average 100 HTTPS requests per second. If a team wants to scan a back-end system for bottlenecks, but without including the backlog that still resides externally, the USE metrics might be suitable. Whether or not these distinctions are worth considering depends on the system you work with - more importantly, how it fails. However, the Golden Signals approach doesn't lend itself to distinguishing customer errors from internal errors. The "saturation" metric found in the Golden Signals corresponds to USE's utilization metric. Utilization indicates the time an application service is processing workloads, while saturation is the backlog of unprocessed work that resides within the application's internal systems. USE stands for utilization, saturation and errors. They're similar to the Golden Signals, but the perspective they provide aligns to a different goal. ![]() Those studying various monitoring techniques are likely to encounter another set of application performance metrics: The USE metrics. Each section of the histogram groups requests together by the amount of time they take to complete, ranging from 0 ms to 150 ms in increments of five. The histogram below documents the latency of 1,000 requests made to a service with an expected response time of under 80 milliseconds (ms). ![]() But, in the Golden Signals, we want to look at the latency over a period of time, which we can visualize with something like a frequency-distribution histogram. It is tempting to think of this metric as a single "average" latency, or perhaps an established "mean" latency that can be used to guide service-level agreements. This metric is the time that elapses between when a system receives a request and when it sends a response. To consistently keep track of end-user experiences, Google's team of software reliability engineers (SREs) created a standard set of four metrics known as the Golden Signals: latency, traffic, errors and saturation. Many performance measures revolve around things like CPU utilization, memory allocation, disk-drive read times or internal bandwidth capacity. Let's examine this approach to systems monitoring, including the four specific metrics it targets, the unique details these metrics reveal, and a quick look at how the Golden Signals might come into play in a microservices environment. These metrics primarily revolve around outward-facing concerns like user request/response times, resource utilization and memory allocation. The Golden Signals have evolved to address the factors that most impact distributed systems like microservice-based architectures. ![]()
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March 2023
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